http://www.davidmattison.ca/wordpress/?p=1127
How ow To Preserve Photos For 500 Years
Posted on April 16th, 2005 by David
Picked up from PhotoHistory@yahoogroups.com (02005 04 15), “How To Preserve Photos For 500 Years” by Arik Hesseldahl, Forbes.com, 02005 04 14, an overview of some current thought about ensuring the longevity of digital images. The article concentrates on the work of a Swiss researcher, Lukas Rosenthaler (Imaging and Media Lab, University of Basel), who’s proposed a kind of peer-to-peer sharing network a la music sharing. This is the same concept that’s behind the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) invented by Stanford University Libraries and designed for ensuring the permanence of digital publications and their URIs: “LOCKSS is open source, peer-to-peer software that functions as a persistent access preservation system. Information is delivered via the web, and stored using a sophisticated but easy to use caching system.”
I don’t think there are any reasons why LOCKSS can’t be adapted to provide persistent access to any kind of media through a P2P network. What’s surprising to me is that LOCKSS is not being used more outside of library settings. It’s generally agreed that as a digital preservation strategy, regardless of access and use issues, the more copies the better. Information technologists, records managers, archives continue to research and experiment with records authenticity models and workflows that will guarantee that electronic records haven’t been tampered with after they’ve been transferred to an archives.
The Forbes.com article ends with another strange digital preservation concept,
“Rosenthaler, the Swiss researcher, says he’s currently looking at ways of using microfilm, the old standby of archivists and librarians everywhere, to preserve digital files. Rather than preserving the image itself, Rosenthaler’s proposal is to preserve the individual bits from the image file as a series of light and dark dots indicating the ones and zeros of the file. If properly stored, microfilm could preserve the information for 500 years or so, he says. The method could also be used to preserve music or even video information for centuries in such a way that basic technology like a microscope could be used to assemble the dots into usable data.”
Of course no one would be able to read the microfilm, which continues to be its attractiveness as a preservation medium, since no equipment is required other than a magnification aid (remember the scene from the movie The Scorpion King where Mathayus (actor The Rock) hauls out a primitive telescope) to view the contents. A microfilm equivalent of a DAT or other digital-based tape storage system is essentially worthless because it also requires the preservation of hardware to decode and restore the data, as well as duplicating equipment in case the microfilm deteriorates and needs to be copied. Of course if you’re at that stage, it’s probably game over anyway because likely bits will have been lost. The microfilm is also a serial medium, not a random access one, so, again, why bother, since magnetic tape already serves the same function. If you’re going to the trouble and expense of ensuring the microfilm survives, why not use the appropriate medium for the data itself and keep it safe rather than inventing new technology.
2008年9月28日 星期日
三聚氰胺
腎病變》三聚氰胺會致癌嗎？防毒奶Q&A
2008/09/24
【記者林進修/台北報導】
國人已嚇到聞「奶」色變，不僅飲食習慣受到衝擊，也紛紛到醫院要求檢驗。中央健保局總經理朱澤民強調，如果只是擔心自己受害而到醫院做預防性檢驗及醫療，健保將不給付，但若確診為腎臟病或泌尿道結石，從檢驗到後續醫療，均由健保給付。
以下是民眾關切的問題：
★我想上醫院篩檢，要自費嗎？
問：這次大陸毒奶事件有愈演愈烈趨勢，相信有不少民眾會擔心自己也是受害者，進而到醫院就診。就這部分，健保會提供醫療給付嗎？
答：健保給付有一定標準，如果民眾只是擔心自己可能是大陸毒奶事件的受害者而去就醫，應屬預防性醫療，不管是檢驗或是就醫部分，健保都不給付。
不過，如果民眾已明顯感受出身體有問題，而醫師也診斷出腎臟病變或泌尿道結石等症狀，所有檢驗及後續醫療健保都會給付。
★確認腎病變或結石，可求償？
問：如果最後確認腎臟病變或泌尿道結石等症狀和毒奶粉有關，健保局會向進口、銷售或製造廠商求償嗎？
答：依照健保法第82條規定，只要確定為公害或食品中毒事件，都可向相關廠高求償。
★吃多少三聚氰胺，才有傷害？
問：毒奶粉中的三聚氰胺，要吃多少才會造成傷害？
答：老實說，全球至今仍無人體食用三聚氰胺對人體危害性的研究報告，只在2007年4月美國爆發寵物飼料遭三聚氰胺汙染後，做過一系列的動物實驗，因此只能從動物模式來探討三聚氰胺對人體的影響。
根據美國以大白鼠為對象的動物實驗研究顯示，百分之五十的致死劑量是每公斤體重3.161公克三聚氰胺，如果換算成60公斤體重的成人，大約吃180公克的三聚氰胺後，兩人即有一人死亡。
★三聚氰胺安全劑量，是多少？
問：那麼三聚氰胺的安全劑量又是多少？
答 ：美國食品暨藥物管理局 (FDA)表示，從大白鼠的動物實驗顯示，每公斤體重每天吃63毫克以下的三聚氰胺就不會有事。若換算為人類，則要先除以十，再除以十，也就是每天每公斤體重吃0.63毫克以下就沒事，之所以要除以一百，是因為人類和大白鼠這類動物有差異性，且人類比較敏感，因此安全劑量較低。
★三聚氰胺，也會致癌嗎？
問：三聚氰胺除了會引發腎病變及泌尿道結石外，也會致癌嗎？
答 ：理論上不會。根據國外以小老鼠為對象的動物實驗顯示，連續餵食三聚氰胺兩年後，這些大老鼠確有罹患膀胱癌的情形，但美國環保署及國際癌症研究總署(IARC)一致認為，這是膀胱長期受結石刺激所致，三聚氰胺應不是致癌物，若真會致癌，也是問接引起。
★吃下肚的，9成會在一天內排出
問：若擔心吃下太多含三聚氰胺的毒奶製品，可大量喝水來排除嗎？
答：吃下肚的三聚氰胺，2.7～4小時即會經腎臟排出一半，且九成會在一天內排出體外，兩天內全數排出。除非吃下肚的量實在太多了，否則每天超過兩公升的平均喝水量，就能把三聚氰胺排出，不用太擔心。
★可以到醫院哪一科接受檢驗？
問：如果還是擔心可能吃出問題，應掛那一科的門診？該做那些檢查？
答：家庭醫學科、一般內科及腎臟科都是不錯的選擇。至於檢查則依不同狀況而定，首先應做尿液檢查，檢查項目包括蛋白尿、尿糖、潛血反應、紅血球、白血球及酸鹼值。
在腎功能檢查部分，可檢查肌酐酸及尿素氮，確認腎小管有無受到三聚氰胺的破壞。此外也不妨檢查鉀離子、鈣離子及鈉離子等電解質濃度，看看腎小管及腎絲球有無遭到破壞。如果懷疑有泌尿道結石，則可透過腎臟超音波及X光檢查。
★目前毒奶事件處理到哪裡了呢？
問：目前該如何處理毒奶事件？
答 ：衛生署應儘快公佈人體對三聚氰胺的容許劑量，再由醫學專家換算成每種含毒奶製品的安全飲食劑量，如此才能避免更多傷害。
(諮詢專家學者：中央健保局總經理朱澤民、台北榮民總院臨床毒物科主治醫師楊振昌、林口長庚醫院腎臟科主任方基存、高雄醫學大學內科副教授黃尚志)
【2008-09-22/聯合晚報】
轉寄新聞友善列印我要投稿字級：大 中 小
毒奶粉／三聚氰胺檢驗標準為何？ 葉金川：30日公布
(2008/09/28 01:00)
生活中心／綜合報導
新任衛生署長葉金川26日正式走馬上任，27日雖然是假日，仍舊為了毒奶事件加班，召開跨部會議，對於大陸進口的乳製品，葉金川又回歸原先說法，只要大陸進口奶精、植物蛋白質等全面禁止，至於三聚氰胺檢驗標準是0或2.5ppm，要等到下週二才會公佈答案。
為了不讓民眾再為毒奶恐慌，新任署長葉金川第一步先找來各部會首長商討對策，首先確定的是，維持原先一變再變的政策，大陸乳製品全面禁止進口。
葉金川說，「中國大陸製的奶粉、乳製品跟奶精、植物蛋白輸入許可通知，是全面禁止。」
不只大陸產品全面禁止，部分有風險的國家葉金川也祭出嚴格手段，嚴防所有可能危害民眾健康的食品進到台灣。葉金川說，「因為其他可能風險的國家，我們決議就是說加強抽驗，不排除就是…如果有可疑的話，不排除就是逐批檢驗。」
至於未來檢驗標準，不再玩數字遊戲的葉金川所謂的檢出與未檢出標準到底為何？是0還是2.5PPM？最快星期二就會公佈。（新聞來源：東森新聞）
2008/09/24
【記者林進修/台北報導】
國人已嚇到聞「奶」色變，不僅飲食習慣受到衝擊，也紛紛到醫院要求檢驗。中央健保局總經理朱澤民強調，如果只是擔心自己受害而到醫院做預防性檢驗及醫療，健保將不給付，但若確診為腎臟病或泌尿道結石，從檢驗到後續醫療，均由健保給付。
以下是民眾關切的問題：
★我想上醫院篩檢，要自費嗎？
問：這次大陸毒奶事件有愈演愈烈趨勢，相信有不少民眾會擔心自己也是受害者，進而到醫院就診。就這部分，健保會提供醫療給付嗎？
答：健保給付有一定標準，如果民眾只是擔心自己可能是大陸毒奶事件的受害者而去就醫，應屬預防性醫療，不管是檢驗或是就醫部分，健保都不給付。
不過，如果民眾已明顯感受出身體有問題，而醫師也診斷出腎臟病變或泌尿道結石等症狀，所有檢驗及後續醫療健保都會給付。
★確認腎病變或結石，可求償？
問：如果最後確認腎臟病變或泌尿道結石等症狀和毒奶粉有關，健保局會向進口、銷售或製造廠商求償嗎？
答：依照健保法第82條規定，只要確定為公害或食品中毒事件，都可向相關廠高求償。
★吃多少三聚氰胺，才有傷害？
問：毒奶粉中的三聚氰胺，要吃多少才會造成傷害？
答：老實說，全球至今仍無人體食用三聚氰胺對人體危害性的研究報告，只在2007年4月美國爆發寵物飼料遭三聚氰胺汙染後，做過一系列的動物實驗，因此只能從動物模式來探討三聚氰胺對人體的影響。
根據美國以大白鼠為對象的動物實驗研究顯示，百分之五十的致死劑量是每公斤體重3.161公克三聚氰胺，如果換算成60公斤體重的成人，大約吃180公克的三聚氰胺後，兩人即有一人死亡。
★三聚氰胺安全劑量，是多少？
問：那麼三聚氰胺的安全劑量又是多少？
答 ：美國食品暨藥物管理局 (FDA)表示，從大白鼠的動物實驗顯示，每公斤體重每天吃63毫克以下的三聚氰胺就不會有事。若換算為人類，則要先除以十，再除以十，也就是每天每公斤體重吃0.63毫克以下就沒事，之所以要除以一百，是因為人類和大白鼠這類動物有差異性，且人類比較敏感，因此安全劑量較低。
★三聚氰胺，也會致癌嗎？
問：三聚氰胺除了會引發腎病變及泌尿道結石外，也會致癌嗎？
答 ：理論上不會。根據國外以小老鼠為對象的動物實驗顯示，連續餵食三聚氰胺兩年後，這些大老鼠確有罹患膀胱癌的情形，但美國環保署及國際癌症研究總署(IARC)一致認為，這是膀胱長期受結石刺激所致，三聚氰胺應不是致癌物，若真會致癌，也是問接引起。
★吃下肚的，9成會在一天內排出
問：若擔心吃下太多含三聚氰胺的毒奶製品，可大量喝水來排除嗎？
答：吃下肚的三聚氰胺，2.7～4小時即會經腎臟排出一半，且九成會在一天內排出體外，兩天內全數排出。除非吃下肚的量實在太多了，否則每天超過兩公升的平均喝水量，就能把三聚氰胺排出，不用太擔心。
★可以到醫院哪一科接受檢驗？
問：如果還是擔心可能吃出問題，應掛那一科的門診？該做那些檢查？
答：家庭醫學科、一般內科及腎臟科都是不錯的選擇。至於檢查則依不同狀況而定，首先應做尿液檢查，檢查項目包括蛋白尿、尿糖、潛血反應、紅血球、白血球及酸鹼值。
在腎功能檢查部分，可檢查肌酐酸及尿素氮，確認腎小管有無受到三聚氰胺的破壞。此外也不妨檢查鉀離子、鈣離子及鈉離子等電解質濃度，看看腎小管及腎絲球有無遭到破壞。如果懷疑有泌尿道結石，則可透過腎臟超音波及X光檢查。
★目前毒奶事件處理到哪裡了呢？
問：目前該如何處理毒奶事件？
答 ：衛生署應儘快公佈人體對三聚氰胺的容許劑量，再由醫學專家換算成每種含毒奶製品的安全飲食劑量，如此才能避免更多傷害。
(諮詢專家學者：中央健保局總經理朱澤民、台北榮民總院臨床毒物科主治醫師楊振昌、林口長庚醫院腎臟科主任方基存、高雄醫學大學內科副教授黃尚志)
【2008-09-22/聯合晚報】
轉寄新聞友善列印我要投稿字級：大 中 小
毒奶粉／三聚氰胺檢驗標準為何？ 葉金川：30日公布
(2008/09/28 01:00)
生活中心／綜合報導
新任衛生署長葉金川26日正式走馬上任，27日雖然是假日，仍舊為了毒奶事件加班，召開跨部會議，對於大陸進口的乳製品，葉金川又回歸原先說法，只要大陸進口奶精、植物蛋白質等全面禁止，至於三聚氰胺檢驗標準是0或2.5ppm，要等到下週二才會公佈答案。
為了不讓民眾再為毒奶恐慌，新任署長葉金川第一步先找來各部會首長商討對策，首先確定的是，維持原先一變再變的政策，大陸乳製品全面禁止進口。
葉金川說，「中國大陸製的奶粉、乳製品跟奶精、植物蛋白輸入許可通知，是全面禁止。」
不只大陸產品全面禁止，部分有風險的國家葉金川也祭出嚴格手段，嚴防所有可能危害民眾健康的食品進到台灣。葉金川說，「因為其他可能風險的國家，我們決議就是說加強抽驗，不排除就是…如果有可疑的話，不排除就是逐批檢驗。」
至於未來檢驗標準，不再玩數字遊戲的葉金川所謂的檢出與未檢出標準到底為何？是0還是2.5PPM？最快星期二就會公佈。（新聞來源：東森新聞）
Taiwan headache society and giant professors facing typhoons
Today and yesterday i attended the conference of TW headache society, and i found it's interesting and educational to know the reversible central vasocontriction syndrome and its association with thunderclap headche. Actually i met similar patient before, and i remember a old female with diagnosis of multiple sclerosis visited our hospital and was admitted and acute onset of hemiparesis occurred at the first night after amdission. i was on duty as on-call neurologist R4 that time. She also had DM, poorly controlled and one possible cause of acute neurological deficit in the patient is ischemic stroke, which was documented by diffuse weighted image of brain MRI.
Another case is recently met a England sister Lorra who visited Taiwan and would stay for 3 days and would plan to fly to Australia. But she experieced the worst headahce ever known and SAH from the left P-com aneurysm was discovered at our hospital. She received angiography and then surgical clipping of the aneurysm. Peacefully she passed the difficult period in the neurosurgical ICU and no complication of vasospam occurred. But she had right hemiparesis, and expressive language problem when i visited her on 2008/9/26 night and her hushand George thanked for Christian visting them and prayer for Lorra. Typhoon is big now and i would like to express my thanksgiving to the Lord Jesus that I met with two giant professors, Prof. David Dodick from Mayo clinic, Phoenix, Azizona, USA, who is very productive hardworking with less than 4 hours sleep i would guess; and Professor Fumihiko Sakai, who is the chairman of medicine (neurology) at Kitasato University, who said that there was about 9000 neurologists in Japan and about 4000 board-certified neurologists there. I exhorted Professor Sakai to the Grand Hotel and he is very hardworking and he bought a internet card for 24 hours (NTD 500). He hopes to go back to Japan by Monday but the weather is very windy this afternoon on 9/28 Sunday. I will pray for him to the Lord Jesus Christ that he will fly to Japan peacefully. God bless all of us in Taiwan and know His economy and eternal plan toward us on this island of Lord's recovery.
Lukas 2008/09/28 3:26 pm at room 713, CPH, NTU
Another case is recently met a England sister Lorra who visited Taiwan and would stay for 3 days and would plan to fly to Australia. But she experieced the worst headahce ever known and SAH from the left P-com aneurysm was discovered at our hospital. She received angiography and then surgical clipping of the aneurysm. Peacefully she passed the difficult period in the neurosurgical ICU and no complication of vasospam occurred. But she had right hemiparesis, and expressive language problem when i visited her on 2008/9/26 night and her hushand George thanked for Christian visting them and prayer for Lorra. Typhoon is big now and i would like to express my thanksgiving to the Lord Jesus that I met with two giant professors, Prof. David Dodick from Mayo clinic, Phoenix, Azizona, USA, who is very productive hardworking with less than 4 hours sleep i would guess; and Professor Fumihiko Sakai, who is the chairman of medicine (neurology) at Kitasato University, who said that there was about 9000 neurologists in Japan and about 4000 board-certified neurologists there. I exhorted Professor Sakai to the Grand Hotel and he is very hardworking and he bought a internet card for 24 hours (NTD 500). He hopes to go back to Japan by Monday but the weather is very windy this afternoon on 9/28 Sunday. I will pray for him to the Lord Jesus Christ that he will fly to Japan peacefully. God bless all of us in Taiwan and know His economy and eternal plan toward us on this island of Lord's recovery.
Lukas 2008/09/28 3:26 pm at room 713, CPH, NTU
2008年9月26日 星期五
panel data research
multiple sclerosis
stroke, ICH, secondary prevention
AD, cholineasterase inhibitor use in NHI
valporic acid and adverse effects in treatment in bipolar disorder and/or epilepsy
valporic acid surveillance in metabolic syndrome or severe mortality case
stroke, ICH, secondary prevention
AD, cholineasterase inhibitor use in NHI
valporic acid and adverse effects in treatment in bipolar disorder and/or epilepsy
valporic acid surveillance in metabolic syndrome or severe mortality case
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