2009年7月21日 星期二

neurocysticercosis

i saw a 30+ female patient from india, who suffered from headache, and visited my clinic for help. She has past history of neurocysticercosis when she was a PhD student, which may get infected from food eaten outside in the market?
The first presentation is headache and seizure, generalized tonic and clonic convulsion.



She received antibiotic treatment at the clinic for 1 year and totally recovered.


news video available at http://abcnews.go.com/Health/PainManagement/Story?id=6309464&page=1



It's Not a Tumor, It's a Brain Worm
Doctor Surprised to Find a Worm Living Inside a Woman's Brain

By LAUREN COX
ABC News Medical Unit
Nov. 24, 2008—

Late last summer, Rosemary Alvarez of Phoenix thought she had a brain tumor. But on the operating table her doctor discovered something even more unsightly -- a parasitic worm eating her brain.

Alvarez, 37, was first referred to the Barrow Neurological Institute at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix with balance problems, difficulty swallowing and numbness in her left arm.

An MRI scan revealed a foreign growth at her brain stem that looked just like a brain tumor to Dr. Peter Nakaji, a neurosurgeon at the Barrow Neurological Institute.

"Ones like this that are down in the brain stem are hard to pick out," said Nakaji. "And she was deteriorating rather quickly, so she needed it out."

Yet at a key moment during the operation to remove the fingernail-sized tumor, Nakaji, instead, found a parasite living in her brain, a tapeworm called Taenia solium, to be precise.

"I was actually quite pleased," said Nakaji. "As neurosurgeons, we see a lot of bad things and have to deliver a lot of bad news."

When Alvarez awoke, she heard the good news that she was tumor-free and she would make a full recovery. But she also heard the disturbing news of how the worm got there in the first place.

Nakaji said someone, somewhere, had served her food that was tainted with the feces of a person infected with the pork tapeworm parasite.

"It wasn't that she had poor hygiene, she was just a victim," said Nakaji.

Pork Tapeworms a Small, But Growing Trend

"We've got a lot more of cases of this in the United States now," said Raymond Kuhn, professor of biology and an expert on parasites at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, N.C. "Upwards of 20 percent of neurology offices in California have seen it."

The pork tapeworm has plagued people for thousands of years. The parasite, known as cysticercosis, lives in pork tissue, and is likely the reason why Jewish and Muslim dietary laws ban pork.

Kuhn said whether you get a tapeworm in the intestine, or a worm burrowing into your brain can depend on how you consumed the parasite.

How Humans Get Worms

Eat the parasite in tainted meat and you'll end up eating the larvae, called cysts. Kuhn said in that case, a person can only end up with a tapeworm.

"You can eat cysts all day long and it won't get into your brain," said Kuhn. Instead, the larvae go through the stomach and mature in the intestine.

"When it gets down into their small intestine, it latches on, and then it starts growing like an alien," said Kuhn.

Once there, the tapeworm starts feeding and gets to work. A single tapeworm will release 50,000 eggs a day, most of which usually end up in the toilet.

"They can see these little packets pass in their feces," said Kuhn. "And ... sometimes people eat the eggs from feces by accident."

Kuhn said it is then feces-tainted food, and not undercooked pork, that leads to worms burrowing into the brain.

Unlike the cysts, the eggs are able to pass from the stomach into the bloodstream. From there, the eggs may travel and lodge in various parts of the body -- including the muscle, the brain or under the skin -- before maturing into cysts themselves.

According to Kuhn, who has traveled to study this parasite, cysticercosis is a big problem in some parts of Latin America and Mexico where health codes are hard to enforce and people may frequently eat undercooked pork.

As people travel across the border with Mexico for vacation and work, Kuhn said so does the tapeworm. One person infected with a parasite, who also has bad hand washing habits, can infect many others with eggs.

"These eggs can live for three months in formaldehyde," said Kuhn. "You got to think, sometimes, a person is slapping lettuce on your sandwich with a few extra add-ons there."

Getitng the Worms Out

Dr. Christopher Madden, an assistant professor in the University of Texas Southwestern department of neurological surgery in Dallas, has operated on a number of these cysts himself. He said not every worm needs to be surgically removed; those whose location is not an immediate threat to the patient's health can be treated with medications that cause the worms to die.

But when the cysts are in problematic locations, as was the case for Alvarez, an operation is necessary. Fortunately, the long-term prognosis for most patients is positive.

"Most patients we see actually do very well with medicines and/or surgery to take out a large cyst," Madden said.

Alvarez is not alone in accidentally eating tainted food, but Nakaji rarely sees cases so severe that people require surgery. Nakaji said he only removed six or seven worms in neurosurgery this year.

"But lodging in the brain stem is bad luck," he said.

Nakaji said other parts of the brain have more "room" or tissue to expand around a growing cyst. However the brain stem, which is crucial to life, is only the width of a finger or two.

"She could have recovered," said Nakaji. "But if the compression lasted for long enough, she could have been left permanently disabled or dead."

Copyright © 2009 ABC News Internet Ventures

2009年2月19日 星期四

warfarin dose

Volume 360:753-764 February 19, 2009 Number 8
Estimation of the Warfarin Dose with Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Data
The International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium


ABSTRACT

Background Genetic variability among patients plays an important role in determining the dose of warfarin that should be used when oral anticoagulation is initiated, but practical methods of using genetic information have not been evaluated in a diverse and large population. We developed and used an algorithm for estimating the appropriate warfarin dose that is based on both clinical and genetic data from a broad population base.

Methods Clinical and genetic data from 4043 patients were used to create a dose algorithm that was based on clinical variables only and an algorithm in which genetic information was added to the clinical variables. In a validation cohort of 1009 subjects, we evaluated the potential clinical value of each algorithm by calculating the percentage of patients whose predicted dose of warfarin was within 20% of the actual stable therapeutic dose; we also evaluated other clinically relevant indicators.

Results In the validation cohort, the pharmacogenetic algorithm accurately identified larger proportions of patients who required 21 mg of warfarin or less per week and of those who required 49 mg or more per week to achieve the target international normalized ratio than did the clinical algorithm (49.4% vs. 33.3%, P<0.001, among patients requiring 21 mg per week; and 24.8% vs. 7.2%, P<0.001, among those requiring 49 mg per week).

Conclusions The use of a pharmacogenetic algorithm for estimating the appropriate initial dose of warfarin produces recommendations that are significantly closer to the required stable therapeutic dose than those derived from a clinical algorithm or a fixed-dose approach. The greatest benefits were observed in the 46.2% of the population that required 21 mg or less of warfarin per week or 49 mg or more per week for therapeutic anticoagulation.



Source Information


Address reprint requests to the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium at 300 Pasteur Dr., Ln. 301, Mailstop 5120, Stanford, CA 94305, or at iwpc@pharmgkb.org.


中研院研究》抗凝血劑 依基因精準抓劑量

【聯合報╱記者楊正敏/台北報導】
2009.02.20 02:19 am


中研院發展抗凝血劑劑量公式,李明達博士拿著基因鑑定套件,很快就驗出結果。
記者趙文彬/攝影
未來使用口服抗凝血劑「華法林」時,不必再為劑量頭痛了。中央研究院國家基因體鑑定中心參與的一項國際鉅型研究計畫,發展出「華法林」劑量公式,可依病人的基因型,精確算出藥量,減少藥物不良反應,有效預防心臟病或中風。

這項研究是由國科會基因體國家型計畫經費支持,中研院、長庚醫院等單位參與,研究成果獲刊登於醫學界權威期刊「新英格蘭醫學」,昨天全球同步發表。

中研院生醫所所長陳垣崇說,未來會在台灣進行「華法林」劑量公式的大型臨床試驗,從臨床治療上驗證公式的準確性,預計最快一年半後可以完成,屆時就能應用於臨床治療。

中研院基因體鑑定中心研究助技師李明達指出,華法林是目前世界上最被廣泛使用的口服抗凝血劑,可以用來預防深部靜脈栓塞、肺栓塞、缺血性冠狀動脈症狀。在台灣保守估算,每年約有三萬人,使用超過一千萬顆華法林。

他指出,華法林劑量很難掌控,且每個人的差異很大,劑量過多可能造成中風;過少會造成血栓塞。醫師多半只能按照病人的年紀、身高體重及經驗等判斷。

二○○五年陳垣崇帶領的團隊發現人體VKORC1基因上的基因型差異,影響人體對「華法林」劑量的需求,不知是否能運用在所有種族的人身上。

因此九國廿一個團隊展開合作研究,觀察五千七百位固定服「華法林」藥物的不同種族病患的醫療效果,先鑑定患者的基因型,再加上身高、體重、年齡等,發展出計算公式,可以精確預測適當劑量。

李明達說,中研院發展出快速基因型鑑定的套件,用現有的設備就能在三點五小時檢出患者的基因型。未來劑量公式也將網頁化,只要填進相關資訊與基因型,五秒內就能算出劑量。他指出,有這套公式,不僅能減少劑量不準造成的不良反應,更能提升治療品質,患者不必為了調藥到往返醫院,往個人化醫療再邁進一步。

【2009/02/20 聯合報】@ http://udn.com/

2009年2月12日 星期四

mononeuritis multiplex

Most systemic diseases associated with mononeuritis multiplex, including vasculitides, connective-tissue disease, cryoglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, diabetes, amyloidosis, neoplasms, and infections, cause nerve damage by affecting the vasa nervorum.

http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/711

Livedoid Vasculopathy

Livedoid vasculopathy is a segmental, hyalinizing vasculopathy that involves small and medium-sized blood vessels in the lower legs. It can present with livedo changes in the skin, focal purpura, and painful, irregularly shaped lesions around the malleoli. It can be an isolated or a primary condition or can be associated with a variety of hypercoagulable risk factors, including antiphospholipid antibodies, as well as most other serologic and genetic risk factors for either venous or arterial thromboses, and connective-tissue diseases.20 Our patient's cutaneous findings could be explained by livedoid vasculopathy occurring in the setting of a connective-tissue disorder, the most likely of which would be SLE.

2009年2月3日 星期二

case of HACE

delayed neurological progress was noted in the case of HACE but dramatic clinical improvement ensued with a successful community discharge and return to work. Based on this case, optimism is warranted even with the most severe neurological presentation; long-term prediction of outcome should be delayed for at least 3 to 4 months.

2008年12月28日 星期日

follow up the fire accident at the NTU hospital

chronological records of this fire accident at NTUH on 2008/12/17

how to follow up the victims of occupational lung injury/suspected lung diseases due to inhalation of toxic substances from incomplete combustion in the fire accident on 2008/12/17 (Wed.)?

lung function
CXR interval? how long should be followed?
DlCO?



公告日期
2008/12/18
標題
台大醫院火警新聞稿
本文
台大醫院新聞稿
97年12月17日23:00
1. 台大醫院於晚間7點22分發現火災警訊,隨即通報消防局,自動灑水系統也在一分鐘內啟動。
2. 起火地點為本院東址開刀房內26,27號房間附近,確切起火原因及地點消防局目前正在鑑識中。
3. 事發當時26號與18號開刀房有病人正在進行手術,均轉送加護病房繼續治療,一位接上葉克膜急救中;一位病況穩定。當時另有兩位正要進行手術之病人均平安送回病房。
4. 人員受傷情形:當時於開刀房共有6位醫生及5位護理人員嗆傷,其中一位護理人員送亞東醫院,一位護理人員送馬偕醫院,兩位皆使用氧氣罩中,目前情況穩定持續觀察中,一位護理人員送中興醫院,兩位護理人員確認無礙後已自行回家; 2位醫師在本院加護病房治療中,4位醫師暫無大礙。
5. 醫院緊急疏散東址病房約800位病人於醫院及醫學院一樓大廳,並安排23位病患緊急轉院。
6. 火勢於9點10分撲滅。
7. 目前住院病人已經陸續安置,確認醫院環境無大礙。
8. 明日東址住院開刀手術及健康檢查暫停,己排程開刀病人會另行通知。
9. 明日門、急診不受影響。

台大醫院新聞稿
97年12月19日
1.本院感謝台北巿消防局、衛生主管單位、及許多民間團體在這次事
件中對台大醫院的協助。
2.17日當晚正在進行心臟手術的病人,已於昨日中午12點30分安排在
兒童醫療大樓開刀房進行後續手術,下午4點左右完成手術,手術
順利,病人目前情況穩定。
3.至於確切起火原因及地點需待消防局鑑識小組火場鑑識,本院會配
合相關鑑定程序,俟報告出爐,才能釐清真相。
4.17日晚間火災現場正在進行食道癌手術,後來不幸往生之病人,經
檢察官於昨日下午2點30分至本院相驗,結果靜待檢察官調查結束
後公布,本院會配合檢察官後續調查程序,並全力提供家屬一切必
要的協助。
5.住院開刀手術自今日開始恢復,全力調派人力及設備,分別於兒童
醫療大樓、西址院區、及公館院區進行開刀手術,已達平日手術排
程8到9成。
6.本院健康檢查、門診、急診作業均正常運作。

臺大醫院新聞稿
97年12月20日
災後復原情況說明:
1. 住院開刀手術自19日開始恢復後,本院全力調派人力、配合後勤支援的醫療儀器及醫材準備,原定這兩天開刀之病患將於今日完成開刀治療。
2. 火災現場仍待消防單位鑑定檢查完畢,允許入場後,才得進行清理及後續作業。
3. 婦產科移至兒醫大樓後,原使用之產房手術室雖有小損傷,本院已開始全速進行整修,確認安全無虞後,兩週內可加入手術作業陣容,提供需要手術病患即時之協助,預期屆時可恢復至平常手術服務量。
4. 對於本次受火災影響之病患及同仁,17日當晚院長、副院長及各科部室主管於病患返回病房後,立即進行醫療狀況的瞭解及慰問工作,確認病人沒有因為疏散而受到傷害;18日社會工作室動員所有社工師及志工,關懷及慰問全院每一床病患及家屬,至目前為止病患大致穩定。
5. 本院會秉持負責任的態度,持續關懷17日晚間火災現場正在進行食道癌手術,後來不幸往生病友之家屬,並給予一切必要的協助。
6. 本院今日仍召集各相關科部室主管,就昨日及前日之復原及整頓工作進行調整,並規劃明日之準備事項,以便週一更順暢進行服務病人作業。

臺大醫院新聞稿
97年12月23日
昨日台北巿消防局來本院進行消防安全檢查,本院的火災受信總機蓄電池容量不足,雖然本院備有UPS不斷電設備,但為加強保障,依據消防局建議,於今日上午完成更換蓄電池之工作,並於下午2時30分由消防局複檢合格。
本院今日下午也派副院長、公關室主任、社會工作室主任前往第二殯儀館向張先生致意和慰問其家屬,並表示本院深切之關心與歉意。

2008年12月26日 星期五

運動頭痛(exertional headache)

運動頭痛(exertional headache) 台北榮民總醫院神經內科陳世彬醫師

前言
運動頭痛(exertional headache,或稱為exercise headache),顧名思義,指的是在運動期間或之後產生的頭痛。此頭痛疾患已經被提出數十年,但對其定義學界尚未完全達成共識。然而隨著對此頭痛疾患的研究漸增,其臨床表現已較為清楚。

運動頭痛的定義
從歷史的沿革我們可對此頭痛疾患有較清楚的認識。在1932年,文獻上即有人提出了”la cephalee a l’effort” 來描述四個病人的頭痛,這幾個病人的頭痛為間歇性,且僅在用力(effort)的時候產生。到1968年,Rooke 等人提出「良性運動頭痛(benign exertional headache)」這個名詞用以描述任何因「exertion」包括跑步、彎腰、咳嗽、打噴嚏、搬運重物、或用力排便時所誘發的頭痛,這個Rooke等人所提出的頭痛疾患,表現是突然產生,維持數秒至數分鐘的頭痛,且大多發生在超過四十歲的男性。這篇文章廣泛的被引用,也因此有許多人對「exertional headache」的概念即是如同Rooke等人所提出的頭痛特徵般:「年紀較大的男性因exertion所產生的突發性但時間不長的頭痛」。然而「exertion」這個字在此時的定義其實並不那麼清楚,指的似乎是比較像用力(像是Valsalva maneuver),但又涉及到運動的範疇。到了1996年,Pascual等人報導了72個個案,將這些個案的頭痛分類為咳嗽頭痛、運動頭痛及性交頭痛,其中的運動頭痛,特指在「持續的身體運動」時或之後所產生的頭痛;而比較像先前Rooke等人提出的頭痛,則被歸類於「咳嗽頭痛」。此外,Rooke等人及Pascual等人所報告的這些患者,有相當高的比例是次發性的頭痛,也因此許多之後的文獻一提到咳嗽、運動或性交頭痛,通常都會認為必須要做詳細的檢查,因為可能有很高的比例有潛在的顱內疾患未被察覺。



診斷準則
2004年第二版國際頭痛分類準則亦有「原發性運動頭痛」的診斷,其診斷準則如下:

4.3 原發性運動頭痛 Primary exertional headache
A. 搏動性頭痛符合基準B及C
B. 持續5 分鐘至48小時
C. 因運動引發,且只發生在運動時或運動後
D. 非歸因於其它疾患(註)
註記:此頭痛類型初次發作時,必須排除蜘蛛網膜下腔出血及動脈剝離。
此分類準則如同前述,對於「exertion」的定義其實並沒有很明確,它將所有因運動所產生的頭痛都涵蓋在內,也因此文獻上提到的不管是做類似 Valsalva maneuver 的動作所產生的突發性頭痛(如常被提到的舉重者頭痛(weight-lifters’ headache),或是因持續的運動而產生的頭痛,都被放在此診斷之下,唯一的例外是,若頭痛的特徵符合偏頭痛,按照目前頭痛分類的精神,此頭痛會被歸類為偏頭痛而非運動頭痛。隨著對運動頭痛的認識,及對各種誘發因子和其可能病生理機轉的釐清,未來運動頭痛應會有更明確的定義,一些運動頭痛的亞型可能會被特別區分出來,或被歸類至其他診斷。此外,以台北榮總青少年運動頭痛研究結果看來,許多青少年的運動頭痛並無法符合此診斷準則,例如僅有六成的病患頭痛有「搏動性」的特徵,為了讓更多運動頭痛病患可以符合診斷基準,此診斷準則未來勢必也必須做一些修正以提高其適用度。

致病機轉
截至目前為止,運動頭痛的病生理機轉仍屬未知,有些人認為與運動所造成的血管擴張有關,如曾有人觀察到運動頭痛較易在熱天或高海拔處產生,亦曾有研究發現運動頭痛患者的腦血管自主調節(autoregulation)的功能可能較差來支持此說法,但此理論的合理性仍需要未來更多的研究驗證。對於此病與偏頭痛的高共病性,我們也許可以推論有某些特定族群的人的腦子可能是較敏感的,比較容易產生一些陣發性的顱內疾患,特別是在一些明顯的外在誘發因子存在時。

臨床診斷
運動頭痛患者是否需要接受影像檢查目前仍有爭議,以往文獻的高次發性頭痛比例讓許多醫師面對這個頭痛時不敢輕忽,但從台北榮總及挪威的流病學調查顯示,此頭痛疾患盛行率極高,絕大多數的患者應該都還是原發性的頭痛。影像檢查是否需要可能還是得視病史及神經學檢查結果而定,如果頭痛是突發性的劇烈頭痛 (如雷擊頭痛般,要考慮蛛網膜下腔出血、顱內血管剝離、自發性顱內低壓、或是可逆性腦血管收縮症候群等許多疾患),或是年紀較大才產生(如文獻上提到的40歲以上的男性),或是合併局部神經學徵兆,或是合併劇烈的噁心嘔吐,或是有明顯的頭痛型態改變,這些都是需要高度警覺的警訊,有較高的比例是次發性頭痛;相反的,如果是偶爾在劇烈或長時間的運動後才產生的頭痛,症狀也不嚴重,則多半是原發性的頭痛。

治療與預防
在治療方面,目前亦無任何大型研究可提供較好的證據,僅有一些零星個案報導或專家提出的經驗療法。針對較輕到中度的頭痛,可能可以考慮乙醯胺酚(acetaminophen)或非固醇類抗發炎藥物 (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs),特別是indomethacin (有些人特別強調此藥在運動頭痛的效果,但臨床實證卻十分有限。)在較嚴重的運動頭痛,若頭痛特徵像偏頭痛且病患無心血管方面問題,也許可以考慮翠普登類(Triptans)的治療,但其真正適用性或療效亦待進一步研究證實。在預防方面,曾有報告一些病人服用ergotamine tartrate 來預防,但目前並沒有足夠的證據支持其使用;一些偏頭痛預防用藥如鈣離子阻斷劑等也有人建議過,但一樣,目前並無任何研究證據支持。也許較可以教導病人的是行為療法,例如運動前要有足夠的熱身、運動的分量和強度要漸增,讓身體有足夠的時間適應、多補充水分和電解質,如運動飲料等,但是這些措施是否有效也是需要更多的研究來證實。
結語
運動頭痛為一相當常見的頭痛疾患,大多數為原發性頭痛且嚴重程度亦不需特別處理,但臨床醫師的角色為及早正確診斷次發性頭痛患者及找出少數需要治療的患者,幫助其減輕痛苦。目前於此病無論是定義、分類、病生理機轉或是預防治療方面的研究都未臻成熟,有待各位醫師或頭痛醫學的愛好者共同努力。

2008年12月21日 星期日

About 70% of patients with Bell’s palsy recover completely within 6 months without treatment.

Bell’s palsy presents as unilateral weakness or paralysis of the face due to acute dysfunction of the peripheral facial nerve with no readily identifi able cause.1

Bell’s palsy accounts for 70% of peripheral facial palsies and the yearly incidence is about 30 per 100 000.2,3

About 70% of patients with Bell’s palsy recover completely within 6 months without treatment.

facial palsy

Patients aged 18 to 75 years with onset of palsy within 72 h were considered for inclusion.

Exclusion criteria were systemic antiherpetic medication within the past 2 weeks, ongoing systemic steroid medication, allergy to aciclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir, or ganciclovir, pregnancy, breastfeeding, being a woman of childbearing age who was unwilling to use contraceptives
during the medication period, other neurological diseases, diabetes, badly controlled hypertension, current or a history of serious heart disease, history of renal or hepatic disease, gastric or duodenal ulcer, history of glaucoma, acute otitis or history of ipsilateral chronic otitis, history of tuberculosis, history of immunodeficiency syndromes, recent head injury, psychiatric disease, or any other condition that was at risk of being influenced by the study medication or that might have affected completion of the study.


Pain around the ear, in the face, or in the neck was registered on a visual analogue scale that ranged from 0 to 10 points, where 0 was no pain and 10 very severe pain.

Facial function was assessed at all visits with two grading systems. The Sunnybrook system is regionally weighted and assesses resting symmetry, the degree of voluntary movements, and synkinesis, to produce a composite score that ranges from 0 to 100 points, where 0 is complete paralysis and 100 normal function.20 The House-Brackmann scale is based on a six-grade score, where I is normal function and VI is complete paralysis,
for gross assessment of facial motor function and sequelae.21 In this multicentre study, in vivo grading of facial function was done by many investigators, which might lead to between-assessor differences in facial gradings (ie, inter-rater variability). Another risk is that gradings done by the same assessor at diff erent time points might vary. Therefore, variability in the assessment process was expected, and to reduce such problems two validated grading scales were used.21